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B7-H1, also known as PD-L1 and CD274, is an approximately 65 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein in the B7 family of immune regulatory molecules (1). Mature mouse B7-H1 consists of a 221 amino acid (aa) extracellular domain (ECD) with two immunoglobulin-like domains, a 21 aa transmembrane segment, and a 30 aa cytoplasmic domain (2). Within the ECD, mouse B7-H1 shares 73% and 86% aa sequence identity with human and rat B7-H1, respectively. B7-H1 is expressed on inflammatory-activated immune cells including macrophages, T cells, and B cells (2-5), keratinocytes (6, 7), enothelial and intestinal epithelial cells (6, 8), as well as a variety of carcinomas and melanoma (9, 10). B7-H1 binds to T cell B7-1/CD80 and PD-1 (5, 6, 10-13). It suppresses T cell activation and proliferation (3, 6, 12, 14) and induces the apoptosis of activated T cells (9). It plays a role in the development of immune tolerance by promoting T cell anergy (5, 12) and enhancing regulatory T cell development (14). B7-H1 favors the development of anti-inflammatory IL-10 and IL-22 producing dendritic cells (3, 8) and inhibits the development of Th17 cells (14). In cancer, B7-H1 provides resistance to T cell mediated lysis, enhances EMT, and enhances the tumorigenic function of Th22 cells (4, 7, 10, 13).

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